Bill Sardi
See book keywords and concepts |  Journal National Cancer Institute 96: 1414, 2004]
The pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), which represents the country's leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, says "medicines dramatically increase the survival rate for cancer." PhRMA claims the 5-year survival rate for cancer has increased from 50.0% in 1979 to 62.7% in 1995, a 25% relative increase in survival. [PhRMA website, April 22, 2004] But is this due to chemotherapy? |
Melody Petersen
See book keywords and concepts |  David Jack, the head of pharmaceutical research at Glaxo. The speech was an eye-opener for Dr. Jack and other Glaxo executives. They swiftly shifted the work assignments of the company's scientists, ordering them to follow along behind Dr. Black and the rest of his team at Smith Kline. Their decision would be momentous.
At the time Glaxo was best known in Britain as the company that "builds bonnie babies," a reference to its longtime marketing of a dried milk formula for infants. |
Bottom Line Health
See book keywords and concepts | | The Many Dangers of Over-the-Counter Drugs
Larry Sasich, PharmD, MPH, a licensed pharmacist, public policy expert and pharmaceutical research analyst for Public Citizen, a nonprofit consumer advocacy organization, Washington, DC. He teaches drug information and policy at the School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, and is coauthor of Worst Pills, Best Pills: A Consumer's Guide to Avoiding Drug-Induced Death or Illness. Pocket, www.worstpills.org.
Just because a medication is available without a doctor's prescription doesn't mean that it's risk-free. |
Bill Sardi
See book keywords and concepts | | According to the U.S. pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers Association, 400 more of these types of cancer drugs are in clinical trials.
We live in an era when: the government-sponsored program that advocates eating 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day has been found to be ineffective in preventing cancer use of sunscreen lotion has been found to be the major promoter of life-threatening skin cancer. health authorities say breast self-examination should be abandoned. the occult (hidden) blood stool test for colon cancer has been declared useless. |
Craig Pepin-Donat
See book keywords and concepts |  The pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) argues that DTC spending compared to R&D spending is approximately ten percent, which is in line with other industries. When it comes to prescription drugs, it is unfair to compare pharmaceutical advertising to the advertising budgets of other industries, because other industries do not market products that introduce chemicals into the human body at great risk to the population.
All one has to do to know how it really works is to follow the money. |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | They may truthfully be unaware of the dichotomy of pharmaceutical research techniques. Nevertheless, from the articles and editorials that appear in medical journals, doctors should know that the once-revered publications have been cannibalized by the pharmaceutical corporations. If a doctor bases his treatment recommendations on material from suspect sources, isn't he compromising more than his integrity? How about his patients' lives? |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
See book keywords and concepts |  Cancer cells require iron to grow, so the body attempts to limit its availability. New pharmaceutical research is exploring ways to mimic this response by developing drugs to treat cancer and infections by limiting their access to iron.
Even some folk cures have regained respect as our understanding of bacteria's reliance on iron has grown. People used to cover wounds with egg-white-soaked straw to protect them from infection. It turns out that wasn't such a bad idea—preventing infection is what egg whites are made for. Egg shells are porous so that the chick embryo inside can "breathe. |
J. Douglas Bremner
See book keywords and concepts |  In response to efforts to regulate the content of TV ads for drugs, Billy Tauzin, president of the pharmaceutical research Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the lobbying organization for the drug companies, was quoted by the New York Times (May 17, 2005) as having said, "We don't make ice cream or handbags or automobiles, we make products that save lives" ("Drug Industry Is Said to Work on Ad Code").
The argument drug manufacturers make for the high cost of their products, which has become an old saw by now, is that the money supports research and development of new life-saving meds. |
Jack Challem
See book keywords and concepts |  Considerable pharmaceutical research is under way to develop synthetic vitamin D molecules that might be effective anti-cancer drugs. (See further discussion of the VDR gene in "The Vitamin D Quandary" section of this chapter.)
Breast and Cervical Cancers
In a typical year, approximately 200,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 45,000 will die from it. Despite exhaustive research, only a handful of genes have been linked to an increased risk of breast or cervical cancers. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  An ACE Up Your Sleeve
One of the most extraordinary advances in pharmaceutical research and blood pressure management evolved out of the jungles of Brazil. A Brazilian scientist noted that when people were bitten by the poisonous jararaca snake, they experienced a dramatic drop in blood pressure. By harnessing the power of the snake venom to lower blood pressure, pharmacologists were able to isolate chemicals that could be used as drugs.
These venom-derived compounds block an enzyme that converts a naturally occurring chemical called angiotensin I into a powerful
ţ ???? |
Byron J. Richards, CCN
See book keywords and concepts |  The discovery of penicillin led to massive pharmaceutical research looking for more antibiotics. Research quickly showed that most of the new antibiotics being developed kept killing the tested animals as the drugs were too toxic. Most of this research has never been made public.
Today, germs have built resistance to most antibiotics, and a major health crisis has resulted since stronger antibiotics are simply too toxic for humans to consume. |
Greg Critser
See book keywords and concepts |  The organization itself formally changed its name to the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America, PhRMA, in 1994.) The PMA believed that the industry was in a crisis, suffering from increasing costs, slipping sales, foreign competition, and government over-regulation. It was a crisis so severe as to provoke pharma CEOs to wonder out loud "whether there will even be a U.S. pharmaceuticals industry in twenty years." Then again, just about every major industry wondered something like that in the early 1980s, when it was widely believed that Japan was doing to U.S. |
Amarjit S. Basra
See book keywords and concepts |  Such an approach is presently employed in many pharmaceutical research institutions in conjunction with HTS technology aiming at collection of active effluents, isolation of active constituents, and identification oflead compounds from natural products. Structural modification will follow to develop drug candidates. The principal procedures of this method include
1. collection of plant materials;
2. preparation of active fractions guided by HTS;
3. isolation and identification of active components;
4. verification of in vitro bioactivities;
5. evaluation of in vivo bioactivities; and
6. | | Chinese medicinal plants (Tianjin: Tianjin pharmaceutical research, 1995), pp. 1-256.
4. Liu, Xiao, and Li, 2000, Modern research and application.
5. Liu and Xiao, 1993, Ah introduction to Chinese materia medica.
Chapter 3
Ethnopharmacology of Traditional Chinese Drugs from Medicinal Plants
Chang-Xiao Liu
INTRODUCTION
Traditional Chinese medicine, as practiced today, is still largely based on its unique system of theories. The ethnopharmacological classification, properties, tastes, actions, and indications of traditional Chinese drugs are based on the classical theories. | | REPPED: Trends and Challenges in Phytomedicine: Research in the New Millennium
Hildebert Wagner
INTRODUCTION
To define and describe the future tasks of phytomedicinal research in the new millennium requires an analysis not only of the current state of development of phytomedicinal research but also of chemosynthetic pharmaceutical research. Both find themselves in a race to develop new medicines, with fewer or no side effects, for therapeutic and preventive application in illnesses for which causality-based treatment has been nonexistent or imperfect. | | For instance, over the past 40 years our two institutes (the Institute of Medicinal Plants, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; and Tianjin Institute of pharmaceutical research, Tianjin, China) have collected 40,000 such pieces of
61 information. On the basis of these data, some interdisciplinary systematiza-tion should be carried out. This kind of endeavor will certainly help predict the most promising botanical candidates for further investigation. Use of specialized software and dedicated databases may be the best means to this end. |
Jacky Law
See book keywords and concepts |  Former Congressman Billy Tauzin, appointed president of pharma's US industry association, the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) in January 2005 at a salary thought to be around the $2 million mark, is a good example. Tauzin had served as chairman of the powerful House Energy and Commerce Committee for eight years, and proven his credentials as one of the chief architects of the law that finally gave US pensioners free access to drugs. |
Amarjit S. Basra
See book keywords and concepts | | Korean mistletoe lectin-induced apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma cells is associated with inhibition of telomerase via mitochondrial controlled pathway independent of p53, Archives of pharmaceutical research, 25(1): 93-101.
8. Bantel, H., Engels, I.H., Voelter, W.. Schulze-Osthoff, K., and Wesselborg, S., 1999, Mistletoe lectin activates caspase-8/FLICE independently of death receptor signaling and enhances anticancer drug-induced apoptosis, Cancer Research, 59(9): 2083-2090.
9. Schmidt, A., Mockel, B., Eck, J., Langer, M., Gauert, M., and Zinke, H.. | | On Chinese traditional medicines (Tianjin: Tianjin Institute of pharmaceutical research, 1988), pp. 1-180; Xiao, P.G. and Liu, C.X., Immuno-stimulants in traditional Chinese medicine, in H. Wagner (ed.), Immunomodulatory agents from plants (Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 1999), pp. 325-356; Liu, C.X., 1987, Development of Chinese medicine hased on pharmacology and therapeutics, J Ethnopharmacology, 11: 119-123; Liu, C.X., Ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and clinical application of medicinal plants in China, in C.X. Liu (ed. |
Greg Critser
See book keywords and concepts | | That the congressman who shepherded the bill is now the $2-miUion-a-year president of pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the industry's big lobbying group, takes no one by surprise.
The new pharma money also encourages regulatory permissiveness, both here and abroad. As a wide-ranging examination of the pharmaceutical industry in the British medical journal The Lancet recently concluded, "The present drug regulatory systems . . . |
Leslie Taylor, ND
See book keywords and concepts |  Bristol-Myers Squibb pharmaceutical research Institute isolated yet another chemical in chanca piedra with anti-HIV actions—a novel compound that they named niruriside and described in a 1996 study.51 A German research organization published their first study on chanca piedra and its application with HIV therapy (reporting a 70-75 percent inhibition of virus) in 2003.52 In addition to these antiviral properties, the plant has also been documented as having other antimicrobial effects. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Drug companies frequently justify the cost of their pills by citing the expenses of pharmaceutical research and development. All of these drugs were on the market before 1975, however, so their research costs were paid for decades ago. If cars or computers were priced like drugs, we would be paying tens of thousands for a laptop and no one could afford a Buick.
AARP conducted a survey of prescription drug manufacturers' prices and discovered that they have been accelerating for years, dramatically outpacing the overall rate of inflation. |
Philip Yam
See book keywords and concepts |  A particularly interesting molecular-target approach comes from Claudio Soto of Serono pharmaceutical research Institute in Geneva. Soto wants to prevent the normal prion protein from flattening out into unwanted beta sheets and make it refold back to the correct shape, which is dominated by coils called alpha helices. Soto and his colleagues created a small protein, or peptide, that targets a piece of the prion protein. "Not just any piece," Soto explained. |
Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele
See book keywords and concepts |  Then there are thousands of special interests, from the American Cancer Society to the American Medical Association, from the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) to the American Organ Transplant Association, each with its own agenda. Each wages an individual campaign to shape health care policy by manipulating public opinion through TV, newspapers, magazines, and radio. Each seeks to grab a piece of the health care pie. Out of all these thousands of self-interested entities, not one speaks for what's best for American health care overall.
And that explains why U.S. |
Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson
See book keywords and concepts |  Greek medicine has been the focus of historical pharmaceutical research for many decades. The Greek scholar Pedanius Dioscorides (Fig. 2.1) from Anarzabos (1 BC) is considered to be the 'father of [Western] medicine'. His works were a doctrine governing pharmaceutical and medical practice for more than 1500
Fig. 2.1
Pedanius Dioscorides. Reproduced with permission from The Wellcome Library, London. years, and which heavily influenced European pharmacy. He was an excellent pharmacognosist and described more than 600 medicinal plants. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
See book keywords and concepts |  Immunostimulating polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng. pharmaceutical research 1996 Aug; 13(8):1196-200.
64. Hajto T, Hostanska K, Fischer J, Sailer R. Immunomodulatory effects of Viscum album agglutinin-I on natural immunity. Anticancer Drugs 1997 Apr; 8 (Suppl 1):S43-S46.
65. Kimura Y, Matsushita N, Okuda H. Effects of baicalein isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis on interleukin 1 beta- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1997 Jun; 57(l):63-7.
66. Stein GM, Berg PA. | | THE ACTIONS OF HERBS
A great deal of pharmaceutical research has gone into analyzing the active constituents of herbs to find out how and why they work. A much older approach, and one that is much more immediately useful, is to categorize herbs through an understanding of what kinds of problems they can treat.
In some cases, an herb's action may be due to a specific chemical present (for example, the antiasthma effects of ma huang). In others, actions may arise from complex, synergistic interactions among various plant constituents (the sedative valerian provides an example). |
Robert Whitaker
See book keywords and concepts |  Play It Again, Sam
During the past fifteen years, most pharmaceutical research has focused on developing drugs that act narrowly on targeted receptors, with the thought that such "clean" drugs will have fewer side effects. Olanzapine, while a blockbuster financial success, ironically took andpsychotic drug development in the opposite direction. It, like clozapine, is a "dirty" drug. It acts on a broad range of receptors—dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic—and blocking any one of those receptors is known to cause an array of side effects. |
Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele
See book keywords and concepts | | Taxpayers subsidize the cost of pharmaceutical research and then pay more than anybody else in the world for the drugs produced through that research. Government imposes needlessly cumbersome regulations on health care facilities, then withholds the resources that would enable them to comply. Wall Street rewards investors who acquire health care properties and then cut staff and services to make the facilities more attractive to the next buyer. American companies that do business in the global marketplace are forced to absorb costs their international competitors don't face. |
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