volker schulz and Rudolf Hansel
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 Nolen HW, Friend DR (1994) Menthol-p-Glucuronide: A potential prodrug for treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. pharmaceutical research 11:1707-1711. Pirtkien R, Surhe E, Seybold G (i960) Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber die choleretischen
Wirkungen verschiedener Arzneimittel bei der Ratte. Med Welt 1:1417. Pittler MH, Ernst E (1998) Artichoke leaf extract for serum cholesterol reduction. Perfusion 11:
338-40.
Pittler MH, Ernst E (1998) Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 93:1131-1135. |
Katharine Greider
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 Holmer, president of the industry's trade group pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) told members of the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco that Americans should be spending more, not less, on prescription drugs. Because they prevent hospitalizations and the like, drugs are "the best value in health care," the industry claims. To quote the popular phrase, the message is: It's all good. |
| Today, CBM's web site describes the group as a "grassroots" coalition to which members contribute "time, energy and effort," though "most of our funding is provided by contributions from America's pharmaceutical research companies." For months, a link promising to introduce browsers to activists for Citizens for Better Medicare has pulled up the message, "Coming soon." In the meantime, browsers are invited to send a form e-mail to friends: "Will seniors be forced into a huge government-run program to get the medicines they need? ... |
Richard P. Brown, M.D., and Patricia L. Gerbarg, M.D.
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 For decades, most pharmaceutical research of sexual dysfunction focused on men, with Viagra as the result. Lately, however, sexual dysfunction in women has been attracting more attention. While Viagra is not the breakthrough treatment for women that it has been for men, it can help women achieve sexual arousal and orgasm whenand only when—the sexual dysfunction results from some other medication, such as an antidepressant.15-16 Unfortunately, in a study involving hundreds of women with low libido, participants did not notice any increase in sexual responsiveness when they took Viagra. |
Marcia Angell, M.D.
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 The American Medical Association and the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) issued voluntary guidelines suggesting limitations on outright gifts, and the Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General warned that even adhering to those guidelines would not necessarily protect against prosecution for violating anti-kickback laws.
But what the guidelines and warnings have in common is an exemption for educational or research activities. |
Mark Hyman, M.D.
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 Holmer, president of the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America, the main trade association for drug companies, responded,"This report should be hailed as good news" because it means that "more patients are getting more and better medicines."
But we couldn't disagree more. Good news? That more and more people are spending more and more of their money on drugs they don't need? In 2001,2.8 billion prescriptions were filled in the United States, or an average of 9.9 per person. We think that drug industry prescriptions have gotten far out of hand. |
Marcia Angell, M.D.
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| Furthermore, they are members of the industry's trade association, the misleadingly named pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). Recently I heard Daniel Vasella, the chairman and CEO of Novartis, speak at a conference. He was clearly pleased with the American commercial and research climate. "Free pricing and fast approval secure rapid access to innovation without rationing," he said, sounding like the most red-blooded of Americans, despite his charming Swiss accent. |
| The distinctions between pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are blurring, however, and the largest biotechnology companies are now members of the industry trade group pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA).
This is a bare-bones outline of R & D, and as in all bare-bones stories, things are rarely so clear-cut and there are many variations and exceptions. |
| That percentage was probably about the same for members of the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) generally, and it had not changed much over the past decade.8 It is the largest single item in big pharma's budget, larger than manufacturing costs and much larger than R & D. In 2002, for the top ten U.S. companies, that percentage dropped slightly, to about 31 percent of revenues. That's a heap of "marketing and administration." Many countries would love to have a gross domestic product as big as that. |
| Holmer, president of the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), sounds the theme. In his tireless crusade against any form of price regulation, he put it this way, "Voters do not want to jeopardize the miracle of life-saving innovation in modern medicines."1 The contention that we need to treat this industry with kid gloves to preserve "life-saving innovation" calls for a close look at big pharma's drugs. Are they truly innovative? And if so, who deserves the credit? |
| Holmer, president of the industry's trade association, pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), said in a radio interview, "Believe me, if we impose price controls on the pharmaceutical industry, and if you reduce the R&D that this industry is able to provide, it's going to harm my kids and it's going to harm those millions of other Americans who have life-threatening conditions. |
Stephen Fried
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 While such screening was always going to be part of pharmaceutical research, the next wave in drug development involved finding and mapping a precise medicinal target, the keyhole rather than the key, and then designing molecules from scratch on the computer that might open it or lock it (or, in this case, break off in it). This was referred to as "rational" drug design, as if the old way were somehow not rational. Like much of what the computer revolution promised, the benefits of rational drug design were still theoretical: no marketed drug had ever been designed entirely rationally. |
James Braly M.D. and Ron Hoggan M.A.
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 It is confounding results such as these that undermine dietary research yet are the predictable result of using research methods that were designed for, and are well suited to, pharmaceutical research. Appropriate experimental designs for dietary interventions are needed.
Symptom Chasing or Treating the Cause
Another factor in this mix is that advances in drug research continue to provide increasingly sophisticated chemical tools for masking symptoms and manipulating body chemistry rather than pursuing underlying causes of symptoms. |
Kathi Keville
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 Shizandra was recently developed into a new drug by the pharmaceutical research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. This herb has been proven to diminish hepatitis B in less than a month.
Bupleurum has also been the subject of some study. The organizers of one study described a compound found in this herb as remarkable in its ability to stop liver damage. Because of these findings, Japanese physicians who use modern Western medical methods have recently taken a hint from Japan's herbal doctors—they are now turning to traditional formulas that contain bupleurum. |
Simon Mills and Kerry Bone
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 Such activity is not completely dismissed in scientific society either: plants are also appreciated in pharmaceutical research as the major resource for new medicines and a growing body of medical literature supports the clinical efficacy of herbal treatments. Even where traditional use has largely died out in developed countries, there is an increasing yearning for a new deal in healthcare in which the old remedies feature strongly. To meet this demand, there is a growing number of well-educated herbalists and phytotherapists. |
Larry Trivieri, Jr.
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 In recent years, a great deal of pharmaceutical research has gone into analyzing the active ingredients of herbs to find out how and why they work—an effect referred to as the herb's action. Herbal actions indicate the ways in which the remedy affects human physiology. In some cases, the action is due to a specific chemical present in the herb or it may be due to complex synergistic interactions among various constituents of the plant. |
| The Actions of Herbs
A great deal of pharmaceutical research has gone into analyzing the active ingredients of herbs to find out how and why they work.This is referred to as the herb's pharmacological action, the ways in which the remedy affects human physiology. |
Thomas J. Moore
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 The pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America, PhRMA, recently estimated an even higher annual total—1.3 million hospitalizations per year and 63,000 deaths.19 The industry figure appeared in a position paper on drug safety that assailed as exaggerated another estimate of up to 2 million annual hospitalizations. In truth, the scanty, fragmentary data are not complete enough to tell which estimate is correct. I selected a very conservative total to avoid a distracting debate on estimating techniques. |
| Exceptions aside, cell receptor theory was the controlling idea that drove an ever expanding pharmaceutical research establishment.
The profound implications of cell receptor drugs never captured the public imagination as did Einstein's theory of relativity or Watson and Crick's unraveling of the structure of DNA. While not everyone grasped the details of Einstein's theory, thoughtful people everywhere pondered a strange new world in which something as seemingly immutable as time turned out to be just another variable. |
Michael Lerner
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 This interest diminished drastically as modern pharmaceutical research created the potential to control many allergic reactions with antihistamines, and the field of allergy research moved from the clinician's office into the laboratory. As the new focus on laboratory research on antigen-antibody interactions developed, a splinter group of allergists called "clinical ecologists" broke off from the mainstream and kept their focus on empirical relationships between foods and other allergens and clinical responses to them. |
Stephen Fried
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| The industry trade group, which had recently renamed itself the pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers Association (PhRMA, referred to as "pharma"), flew in 140 different patients or family members to testify that they needed the FDA to get them new drugs faster. This effort had decidedly mixed results. The industry manipulation of patients was so heavy-handed that some groups previously critical of the FDA took the agency's side in Congress.
"The Kassebaum bill had us reviewing every drug in six months," Kessler later complained to me. "Look, it takes an enormous effort to get a drug out. |
J.D. Kleinke
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 What I can confirm is this: the only verifiable difference between the joyfulness of my niece's childhood and the living nightmare that was my mother's—aside from the fickleness of any disease's progression—are five decades of costly pharmaceutical research.
That is the wellspring of my health care politics. From these painful personal experiences, I have my own evidence for one unassailable conclusion. The only progress we make in health care is the progress we make in medicine. In the daily chaos that is the U.S. |
Stephen Fried
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| Look up "pharmaceutical research" in any of the library of provocative books the hearings spawned, and you'll come to the still-resonant comment of former Squibb medical director Dr. Dale Console, who agreed that drug research was expensive and that there were many failures for every success.
"The problem," he said, "arises out of the fact that they market so many of their failures."
Look up the troubling issue of "creating need" for drugs by promoting them directly to potential patients, and you'll come to the timeless comments of former Pfizer clinical researcher Dr. Haskell Weinstein. |
John Lauritsen
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 The next day Lange and I were scheduled to appear together on a panel on "pharmaceutical research and AIDS". I came prepared for a confrontation, but Lange failed to show up. That evening on Dutch television Lange denounced Peter Duesberg as "a lunatic". It was not an accusation he had dared to make at the conference.
Dirty tricks against Duesberg
Although Peter Duesberg was undeniably the star of the conference, he was put into situations which made it difficult for him to make his points effectively. The media build-up transformed the nature of the conference. |
Christian Ratsch
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 However, additional chemical and pharmaceutical research is needed to clarify this situation.
Rosmarinic acid has been biosynthesized in cell cultures of Coleus blumei (Hausler et al. 1992; Meinhard et al. 1992,1993).
A diterpene (forskolin = coleonol) that is potently bioactive has been found in the related species Coleus forskohlii (Poir.) Briq. [syn. Coleus barbatus Benth.] (Valdes et al. 1987). It is possible that Coleus blumei may also contain forskolin or a similar substance. However, an initial investigation of Indian plants was unable to detect any forskolin (Valdes et al. 1987,479). |
Thomas Bartram
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 We realise, too, that many of our scientifically designed drugs are derived ultimately from plants; pharmaceutical research continues to draw on this source of new remedies. There is therefore a sense of urgency as we realise how much the pressures of population and of civilisation threaten the extinction of whole species of plants as well as of animals.
Public regard for herbal medicines has reawakened in the West, bringing an appreciation of the age-old herbal wisdom to be found in many other parts of the world. |
Cynthia A. Foster, M.D.
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 Nonhospital pharmacies in the Unites States are dispensing more antibiotics than ever, based on 1992-1996 data obtained by IMS Health, a pharmaceutical research organization. The number of prescriptions written per year ranged from nearly 267 million to more than 291 million (Source: Antibiotic Prescription Rates
Hold Steady Despite Warnings; Internal Medicine News, Nov. 11, 1998, p. 26). |
Richard Leviton
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 The medical school curriculum is organized around disease concepts, as are hospitals, insurance company reimbursement provisions, and pharmaceutical research. We're not just talking now about an M.D. who could go one way or the other. The way that's been established for practicing allopathy for the last 150 years now has an enormous superstructure dependent upon it to make its living from a given way of perceiving the phenomena of disease. |
| The victim (medical patient) is female, the presumed "weaker," passive sex, who is ravaged (attacked) by the invasive headaches that the skillful male doctor controls by an injection made available by the wonders of modern pharmaceutical research. More women in medicine may be the best way to counteract the "insufferable paternalism" of male medicine, comments Natalie Angier in The New York Times, particularly in allopathy's most body-invasive territory, gynecology, where many male M.D.s tend to be sexist, insensitive, and take an assembly-line approach. |
J.D. Kleinke
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| For every new pharmaceutical product that makes it to market, five thousand other promising compounds fail (personal communication, Jeff Truett, spokesperson, pharmaceutical research and Manufacturers of America, Jan. 2001). The winner has to pay for all those losers, currently half a billion dollars worth of research and development costs. When we pay $60 for a handful of what look like cheap chemicals, what we are really buying is a piece of one drug company's winning lottery ticket. |
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